近日，美国加州大学伯克利分校Lothar Maisenbacher团队报道了用氢原子对标准模型进行万亿分之一的测试。这一研究成果发表在2026年2月11日出版的《自然》杂志上。

量子电动力学作为首个相对论性量子场论，从基本层面描述光与物质的相互作用，是标准模型的基石之一。凭借其超凡精度，QED对氢原子等简单体系的能级预言可达13位有效数字，使得氢原子光谱成为理想的理论检验平台。通过QED从氢原子不同跃迁中提取的物理常数（如质子电荷半径rp）的一致性，构成了对理论本身的检验。然而，近期原子氢测量给出的rp值彼此部分相悖，且与μ子氢光谱测得的更高精度值存在偏差，这阻碍了在实验不确定度水平上检验QED。

研究组报道了对原子氢2S–6P跃迁的高精度测量，其精度足以区分存在争议的rp值，并实现对QED乃至整个标准模型的严格检验。该测量结果ν2S–6P = 730,690,248,610.79(48) kHz，导出的rp = 0.8406(15) fm，精度较其他原子氢测定值至少提升2.5倍，且与μ子氢测定值高度吻合。标准模型对该跃迁频率的预言值为730,690,248,610.79(23) kHz，与该结果完美一致，以0.7万亿分之一的精度检验了标准模型，并具体将束缚态QED修正的检验精度推进至百万分之0.5——这是迄今对QED最精密的检验。

附：英文原文

Title: Sub-part-per-trillion test of the Standard Model with atomic hydrogen

Author: Maisenbacher, Lothar, Wirthl, Vitaly, Matveev, Arthur, Grinin, Alexey, Pohl, Randolf, Hnsch, Theodor W., Udem, Thomas

Issue&Volume: 2026-02-11

Abstract: Quantum electrodynamics (QED), the first relativistic quantum field theory, describes light–matter interactions at a fundamental level and is one of the pillars of the Standard Model (SM). Through the extraordinary precision of QED, the SM predicts the energy levels of simple systems such as the hydrogen atom with up to 13significant digits1, making hydrogen spectroscopy an ideal test bed. The consistency of physical constants extracted from different transitions in hydrogen using QED, such as the proton charge radius rp, constitutes a test of the theory. However, values of rp from recent measurements2,3,4,5,6,7 of atomic hydrogen are partly discrepant with each other and with a more precise value from spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen8,9. This prevents a test of QED at the level of experimental uncertainties. Here we present a measurement of the 2S–6P transition in atomic hydrogen with sufficient precision to distinguish between the discrepant values of rp and enable rigorous testing of QED and the SM overall. Our result ν2S–6P=730,690,248,610.79(48)kHz gives a value of rp=0.8406(15)fm at least 2.5-fold more precise than from other atomic hydrogen determinations and in excellent agreement with the muonic value. The SM prediction of the transition frequency (730,690,248,610.79(23)kHz) is in excellent agreement with our result, testing the SM to 0.7parts per trillion (ppt) and, specifically, bound-state QED corrections to 0.5parts per million (ppm), their most precise test so far.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10124-3

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10124-3